![]() ![]() The effects of a seizure depend on where in the brain they occur. ![]() This can interfere with certain brain functions or cause a surge of brain activity that leads to unusual movements, perceptions, or experiences. Potassium, sodium, magnesium, and calcium each have a unique electrical charge, so the right balance of these electrolytes is important for brain functioning.Ī seizure occurs when there is a sudden burst of abnormal activity in the brain. Various chemicals called electrolytes help conduct electricity. The brain is a complex electrical system that uses electricity to send nerve signals throughout the body. 2017 19(1):1-13.Share on Pinterest VICTOR DE SCHWANBERG/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/Getty Images Serum cardiac troponin I in canine syncope and seizures. Clinical utility of serum lactate levels for differential diagnosis of generalized tonic–clonic seizures from psychogenic nonepileptic seizures and syncope. Autonomic sympotoms during epileptic seizures. Is physical activity beneficial for recovery in temporal lobe epilepsy? Evidences from animal studies. Arida RM, Scorza FA, Scorza CA, Cavalheiro EA.Acceptance and commitment therapy and yoga for drug-refractory epilepsy: a randomized controlled trial. Historical criteria that distinguish syncope from seizures. Epileptic seizures versus syncope: pathophysiology and clinical approach. Charalambous M, Gomes SA, Papageorgiou S, Orioles M.Syncope: pathophysiology and differential diagnosis. ILAE official report: a practical clinical definition of epilepsy. Fisher RS, Acevedo C, Arzimanoglou A, et al.10 This has yet to be verified in veterinary medicine but may become a readily available test to objectively differentiate between seizures and syncope in veterinary patients. In human medicine, serum lactate levels measured within 2 hours of the episode of lost consciousness are significantly higher in patients with seizures compared with patients with syncope. Patients with metabolic disease can have concurrent cardiovascular disease inclusion of other differentiating factors should be considered. Evidence of these metabolic disorders concurrently identified in a patient with a history of acute loss of consciousness should lead to consideration for seizure disorder. Metabolic abnormalities associated with seizures, including hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, elevated ammonia, and hypernatremia, can be readily identified on routine serum chemistry analysis. Troponin I levels do not reflect all causes of syncope. In one veterinary study, serum cardiac troponin I levels were found to be significantly different between dogs with seizures and dogs with syncope 11 however, notable overlap was found, thus rendering the test ineffective for definitively differentiating between the diseases in dogs. 11 Increased serum cardiac troponin I levels have been measured in humans with seizures and syncope and were found to be significantly more elevated in patients with syncope than in those with seizures however, severe seizure disorders (eg, status epilepticus) can cause myocardial damage and may also result in elevated serum cardiac troponin I levels. Cardiac troponin I is a myocardial-specific protein found in the contractile apparatus of the heart. ![]() ![]() 5-7 Although activity may reduce the incidence of seizures, seizure during activity is still possible therefore, all aspects of the history and physical examination should be considered when determining whether the patient experienced a seizure or syncopal event.įollowing complete physical and neurologic examination, clinical pathologic evaluation can help identify possible metabolic causes of syncope or seizures. Whether exercise is neuroprotective for dogs and cats remains unknown, but some evidence supports this phenomenon in humans with epilepsy. Conversely, seizures occur more commonly when a patient is at rest rather than in motion. Patients with syncope commonly have a history of moving or standing when unconsciousness occurs. It is important to question pet owners about any activity that may have occurred immediately prior to loss of consciousness. Prolonged standing, prolonged sitting, and rapid transition from lying to sitting, standing, or walking (ie, orthostatic hypotension) can result in a syncopal event in predisposed patients. Syncope occurs secondary to cardiovascular events (eg, arrhythmia, hypotension, hypertension) or to changes in thoracic or abdominal pressure (eg, coughing, defecation). ![]()
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